Modality of quality (syn). Qualitative-synthetic modality is characteristic of an emphasis on quality related to a particular integral object – in speech, it usually appears with its own name: – This is not your sweater, but Vasin’s! quality (syn) – An interesting young lady – and typically speaks like a native of St. Petersburg. quality (syn) Another variant of this modality is quality expressed through a metaphor (which, however, should not overshadow the main meaning of the phrase with its brightness, otherwise it will be syn-quality modality): – You are naive, like a wild mountain goat. quality (syn) – I need you very much – like an oasis to a traveler who has gotten lost in the desert. quality (syn) Synthetic submodality arises in meaningful qualitative translations, very short or aphoristic in form, which is typical of spoken language: – What kind of berry do you want? – Ripe! quality (syn) If in a short (aphoristic) phrase, a strong emphasis is placed on one of its words, which is a meaningful quality or action, a qualitative-synthetic translation often arises: – The wolf pitied the mare – and ate her completely. quality (syn) – And you set her free! quality (syn) – I want a young, cheerful daughter! quality (syn)
Phrasemes and proverbs in the modality of quality (syn): The elderly are respected in the Horde. Have a drink, Tadey, to the stars, and give the lasso. Know Fekla by the wet furrow.
Exercise. Come up with situations where the modality of quality (syn) arises.
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice so that they acquire the modality of quality (syn). 1. – Go! 2. – Within my understanding, the current policy of European Union countries is very short-sighted. 3. – And if the Earth is flat, then what, there is no God?! 4. – And if you, brother, do not understand me, then it is better for us to part peacefully. 5. – Where are you, my youth, my curls, and my rosy cheeks?
Exercise. Respond to the following appeals and five questions of your choice in the modality of quality (syn). 1. – Sit down, Opansae Ignatovich, wherever you want, here is a sofa, here is a soft chair. 2. – Oh, no need! 3. – It’s hard, of course, to predict the future – it costs a lot, in our time! 4. – Do not mock me anymore – or wrinkles will appear on my face! 5. – Until men start painting their lips, they will not understand what beauty is!
Exercise. In the following situations and five situations of your choice, come up with an appeal to the modality of quality (syn). 1. Flirting with a solid old man in the hotel lobby. 2. Attempting to get acquainted with a tall, muscular guy at a bus stop. 3. Presenting claims to a new doll that offends the old ones. 4. Sympathizing with an old relative in the hospital. 5. Accusing a son of stealing candy from the buffet in public.
Modality of quality (quality). Qualitative-qualitative modality is characteristic of emphasized qualitative definitions, clarified by other qualities: – Extremely sharp! quality (quality) – Do not doubt, I will go quickly! quality (quality) – So beautiful – like gilded! quality (quality)
Phrasemes and proverbs in the modality of quality (quality): Went to wash black colts. Woe to him who lives well at home. Whether the master is the one who does not know his own household.
Exercise. Come up with situations where the modality of quality (quality) arises.
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice so that they acquire the modality of quality (quality). 1. – Gingerbread and candy! 2. – One’s own home is on the edge. 3. – (at an unexpected meeting in an alley) Vassian! 4. – Wrinkles appear as a result of sins – against one’s own personality! 5. – Write – and it’s gone, and the cucumbers!
Exercise. Respond to the following appeals and five questions of your choice in the modality of quality (quality). 1. – Where do you live, dear stranger? 2. – I don’t need cucumbers – I need a salad. 3. – Well, please, Guryane! 4. – Oh! Just ah! 5. – I don’t know, dear, I don’t know… I doubt, in one word.
Exercise. In the following situations and five situations of your choice, come up with an appeal to the modality of quality (quality). 1. Asking a doctor to be more careful. 2. Attempting to reconcile with an older brother after a recent quarrel. 3. Direct public insult to a younger sister. 4. Threat in the form of a light hint about the near future of one’s idol. 5. Public apology to a subordinate for a mistake in management.
Modality of quality (object). Qualitative-object modality is characteristic of qualitative definitions, verbs, and adjectives that appeal to the object plan: useful, big-headed, thick-eared, table-like, nut-like, floor-like, knife-like, striking, walking, peacocking. This modality arises when qualities are illuminated using the object plan, which is quite common: – What kind of ice cream do you want? – With nuts! quality (object) – And I now have a writing desk – you can imagine – all with carvings! quality (object) However, if this carving were applied not to the entire desk, but only to its part, the qualitative modality would turn into an object modality: – And near my writing desk, my legs – in carvings! object More examples: – Green with spots. quality (object) – Funny to tears. quality (object) – Drunk to smoke. quality (object)
Phrasemes and proverbs in the modality of quality (object): Frozen like a Frenchman. A real Italian. Neither a circle nor a courtyard. Pushing like a dog in the kitchen. Gone crazy like an oak. Spread out – and lose bread. A Russian put pepper on a German. Angrier than a Tatar.
Exercise. Come up with situations where the modality of quality (object) arises.
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice so that they acquire the modality of quality (object). 1. – (Disapprovingly) Well, well, Ustin! 2. – Oh, where have we not been! 3. – You are a worn-out old man, Falale! 4. – I doubt that modern society will be able to produce a fresh ideology. 5. – Something is wrong with you, Sabino, today – it’s not working!
Exercise. Respond to the following appeals and five questions of your choice in the modality of quality (object). 1. – Do not spread nonsense, Platonido! 2. – And I get offended! 3. – Ha-ha! 4. – You see, Terentiy, I have a lot of things to do now – that’s the problem. 5. – Say, village!
Exercise. In the following situations and five situations of your choice, come up with an appeal to the modality of quality (object). 1. Greeting an old lover on a sea resort, unexpectedly met with a friend. 2. Introducing a new doll to the old ones. 3. Presenting serious short-term private claims to an animal. 4. Inviting an acquaintance to visit informally, remotely in time, and optionally. 5. Saying goodbye informally for a long time at a resort with a new acquaintance of medium age.
Modality of object (syn). Object-synthetic modality arises when emphasizing names of types: the city of Moscow, the steamship “Yesenin”, the dog Tya, the mountain Ararat. Phrases like “comrade Bender” or “Major Pronin” have the modality of object (syn) if used in lists or as part of a general picture: – With us will be Alevtina, Anissia, and Anastasia. object (syn) – Soon our comrades will arrive, and among them (significantly) will be Comrade Gugenotov. object (syn) However, when addressing or strongly emphasizing such expressions, they acquire the modality of syn-quality: – Allow me to introduce myself: (solemnly) Duke Buckingham! syn-quality An interesting ambivalence arises when introducing children and pets. Here, the host introduces the guest to his family: – And this is my daughter Varinka. For the father, “daughter Varinka” has the modality of syn-quality, but for the guest, not particularly interested in children, it has the modality of object (syn) (i.e., “a child with a given name”)! A similar situation arises when introducing a pet: – And this is the cat Epiphany. For the hostess, this translation has the modality of syn-object, but for an indifferent guest – object (syn) (i.e., an animal from the cat family with such a name), and mutual understanding will not be added by such a discrepancy in modalities.
Idioms and proverbs in the modality of syn: A friend to a friend, but all to Petrovna. All for one, one for all. God’s hand is the master. Not every Ivan Ivanovich, but whoever God gives. Neither in the city of Bogdan, nor in the village of Selifan.
Exercise. Come up with situations where the modality of syn arises.
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice to give them the modality of syn. 1. – (playfully) Vitusik! 2. – Ah! 3. – Well, really? 4. – It’s strange to assume that Russia can find itself on the periphery of world history – it’s not New Zealand! 5. – I don’t know, mom, I haven’t decided yet who I’d better marry – an actress or a cook.
Exercise. Respond to the following appeals and five questions of your choice in the modality of syn. 1. – Why are you so big-eared today? 2. – Where can we seclude ourselves? 3. – Stop, Solomiya, I haven’t decided anything yet! 4. – What do you need this skirt for – our family could have lived on that money for a week! 5. – Your knees are too expressive, Taisiya!
Exercise. In the following situations and five situations of your choice, come up with an appeal to the modality of syn. 1. Presenting one’s political credo to a future father-in-law. 2. Revenge on an arrogant doll for its arrogance. 3. Confusion about upcoming government reforms addressed to a domestic animal. 4. Inviting a new private friend to a vernissage of a fashionable artist Zverev. 5. Introducing a new private acquaintance to an old friend.
Modality of kach. The subject-quality modality is characteristic of translations that emphasize objects that materialize quality or action: worker, servant, informant, translator, lover. For this modality, almost merged stable phrases (idioms) are typical, which correspond to the formula “adjective + noun”, such as “drunk cat”, “stuffed fool”, “clean angel”, etc. – And here is my suitor! kach – The beginners are coming out! kach – I have different character traits: diligence and carelessness, interest in the new and indifference to the outdated, love for one’s neighbor and indifference to religion… kach
Idioms and proverbs in the modality of kach: Glasses are speckled, head is smooth. You can’t burn a bath, and you can’t extinguish a sheep. Hold on to the handle, hold on to the mallet, and the pipe will come by itself. If there were flour and a sieve, I would have been sifted myself. Seven axes lie together, and two spindles lie separately. One’s shirt is one’s space and one’s tightness.
Exercise. Come up with situations where the modality of kach arises.
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice to give them the modality of kach. 1. – The ace is an ace, even in Africa. 2. – Send me a dozen fresh oysters, and hurry up. 3. – Don’t persecute me every hour, Benedict! 4. – It’s time to rest, young lady! 5. – The persecution of dissenters in science is a pursuit that is unpromising in the grand scheme, but sometimes very effective in a small way.
Exercise. Respond to the following appeals and five questions of your choice in the modality of kach. 1. – How old are you, ma’am? 2. – The invitation to visit is still valid, Faina! 3. – I beg of you, Apollinaria! 4. – A harsh and, most importantly, long Siberian winter is first and foremost a test of spirit, Avakum! 5. – What do I need an aquarium for at my age, Feona?
Exercise. In the following situations and five situations of your choice, come up with an appeal to the modality of kach. 1. A private energetic proposal to a subordinate to part amicably. 2. An unofficial announcement to subordinates of the beginning of a long unpleasant plot at the firm. 3. An invitation to an informal lover to the theater buffet during the intermission. 4. A private admission of a small redeeming guilt to a domestic animal. 5. An unofficial farewell to a fellow traveler for a short time in the mountains.
Modality of pered. The subject-subject modality is characteristic of accentuated parts of objects, for example: the tail of a dog, the tip of the nose of a session participant. – Mom, look at the upper lip of my mouth! pered – In the north of Siberia, there are the mouths of the Yenisei, Olenek, and Indigirka rivers. pered However, such expressions as “a plate of soup” or “a basket of mushrooms” have more of a modality of kach than pered.
Idioms and proverbs in the modality of pered: He serves as a goat in the stable. A little house on chicken legs. Under the nose, not under the elbow. The language of language conveys the message. On everyone’s lips. The world spits on a spark, and it becomes a sea. A book, and in it a dupe and a fool.
Exercise. Come up with situations where the modality of pered arises.
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice to give them the modality of pered. 1. – You have such a cozy place, Ulita Askoldovna! 2. – We’ll communicate gradually. 3. – That’s the way it is, neither one way nor the other. 4. – Oh! 5. – And what kind of honey do you have – linden or buckwheat?
Exercise. Respond to the following appeals and five questions of your choice in the modality of pered. 1. – Let me through to the club, comrade! 2. – You need to take on such a matter with great intelligence! 3. – What’s it to me about your hunger? 4. – Write a letter to your son, father! 5. – Express yourself more briefly, Kharlampy!
Exercise. In the following situations and five situations of your choice, come up with an appeal to the modality of pered. 1. A formal proposal to a dear guest to have dinner. 2. A farewell to a beloved city during a long parting. 3. An official announcement of a small force majeure in the family. 4. A compliment to an aging woman at an official meeting. 5. Condolences to a close relative regarding a large compensation for loss.
Exercise. Determine the complex triadic modalities of ten proverbs and sayings of your choice.
Exercise. Determine the simple or complex triadic modalities of the translations in the following dialogues and five dialogues of your choice. If necessary, clarify the context and stylistics yourself. 1. – Parfen, did you feed the fish? – (Shaking his head negatively) Uh-uh. 2. – You’re the best, most beautiful, most desirable! – (Angry) What?! 3. – (Significantly) One pike can’t catch all the carp. – Then we’ll help it! 4. – Nifont Alexandrovich! – Are you bored, Varenka? 5. – Pavlusha, do you really love me? – (With feeling) Eh! 6. – It’s nice, after all, that despite all the prophecies, our economy hasn’t burst at the seams over the past period. – God won’t give it away, and a pig won’t eat it. 7. – Oooh, sweetie! – You won’t survive, Vasiliisa, if you get married! 8. – Don’t tire me, Ksenofont! – Giving a woman pleasure is my main goal in life, my dear. 9. – Whether I have a hump or not, it still hurts! – Everything happens by the will of God, Agnessa, not otherwise, my dear! 10. – Farewell or see you later, Tigran? – Guess yourself.
Exercise. Determine the simple dialectical modalities of the following translations and five translations of your choice, and modify them to give them different submodalities: a) synthetic, b) qualitative, and c) subjectal. 1. – Come over in the evening, Romuald! 2. – Why do you need a Rottweiler puppy? 3. – The drunkard is not bad – just laid down, God knows how! 4. – A mosquito bit me – a huge one! 5. – Keep your temper, my dear! Example. 1a). – Come over in the evening, (significantly) Romuald! syn(syn) 1b). – Come over in the evening, Romuald – we’ll warm up, chat! syn(kach) 1c). – Come over in the evening, Romuald – there will be tea, pies, jam! syn(kach)
Exercise. Modify the following translations and five translations of your choice to give them the following complex modalities: a) syn(kach), b) syn(pered), c) pered(kach). 1. – I’m completely frozen! 2. – And you spit! Three times! Over your left shoulder! 3. – Okay, Rostislav, I agree. 4. – Unprecedented frosts have covered all of Siberia, and you’re complaining! 5. – Have you ever been to Baikal in the spring?
Exercise. Modify the following transmissions and five transmissions of your choice so that they acquire the following complex modalities: a) kach(kach), b) kach(pered), c) pered(pered). 1. – Yes. 2. – Hard to say for sure. 3. – Rub him with vodka, vodka! 4. – Oh, I’m worried! 5. – Not very likely.
Exercise. Answer the following questions and five questions of your choice in the following complex modalities: a) kach (syn), b) syn (kach), c) pered (kach), and d) kach (pered). 1. – Who is the master of our house?! 2. – Where is my underwear? 3.
Ambivalence. Ambivalence of transmission is a phenomenon in which the protagonist perceives their remark in one modality, while their partner perceives it in another (related) modality. For example, a husband tells his wife: “I spoke with Irinarkh today.” – and places (perceptible to himself) emphasis on the word “spoke,” because the conversation was difficult and tense for him; for him, therefore, this remark has a qualitative modality. However, for the wife, this colleague of her husband is an unknown and exotic figure, so for her, the emphasis in her husband’s remark naturally falls on the name (“Irinarkh”), and the remark is perceived by her as synthetic. And here’s another example. A wife, pleased with her husband, tells him
Exercise. For the following situations and for five situations of your choice, create synthetic behaviors with qualitative synastric modality. 1. Introducing your old friend to a travel company. 2. Expressing sympathy to a friend who got into a difficult financial situation. 3. Saying a permanent farewell to an enemy who is going to war. 4. Admitting guilt before your beloved while simultaneously asking for forgiveness. 5. Placing private blame for the breakdown of negotiations onto your partner.
Transmission of type (kin; obj). This, for example, is a short question about a place or an unnamed object: – Where is my axe? (kin; obj) – What did you bring? (kin; obj) Another variant is a metaphorical image as an object-related question: – (Meeting a man returning from work) And what has Ivan-tsarevich brought this time to his wise Vasilisa? (kin; obj) Another option is using object submodality: – You’re speaking to me just like an ancient warrior: throwing spears at me, then arrows, then darts, and even trying to hit me over the head with a mace! (kin (obj); obj)
Exercise. In which situations does transmission of type (kin; obj) arise?
Exercise. Modify the following transmissions and five synthetic transmissions at your discretion, providing them with object synastric modality. 1. – Ugh! 2. – Look who’s coming! 3. – My guilt is unforgivable. 4. – Where does the owl live? 5. – I’m alive.
Exercise. For the following situations and for five situations of your choice, create synthetic behaviors with object synastric modality. 1. Anonymous informing on a pet to an older brother. 2. Unreservedly admitting an old wrongdoing before one’s son. 3. A barely noticeable fresh offense expressed face-to-face to an adult sister. 4. A private invitation to a restaurant in the near future to a promising fiancée. 5. Introducing yourself at a global forum for protecting children from sexual abuse.
Transmission of type (qual; kin). This, for example, is a question about properties or actions, expecting a “yes” or “no” answer: – Well, I sense Gavriilo didn’t please you, did he? (qual; kin) – (Impatiently) Are you finally leaving? (qual; kin) In this pair of modalities, questions about names and titles often occur: – May I know your name? (qual; kin)
– Name the city where I was born? – Name it! (qual; kin) And, as always, synastric modality can be used via submodality: – You’re so proud—just like Icarus flying toward the Sun! (qual (kin); kin) – Quit your job, it’s time to rest already, Varsenofiy! (qual (kin); kin)
Exercise. In which situations does transmission of type (qual; kin) arise?
Exercise. Modify the following transmissions and five qualitative transmissions at your discretion, providing them with synthetic synastric modality. 1. – It was very, very pleasant to meet you, talk to you, argue with you. 2. – I want green, sweet, vanilla, and chocolate! 3. – Try it gently, as if you didn’t need anything particularly special…
4. – Funny, sir, one word—funny! 5. – Don’t go, don’t go there—they’ll pounce and kill you!
Exercise. For the following situations and for five situations of your choice, create qualitative behaviors with synthetic synastric modality. 1. A private, easily fulfillable promise to a lover in the forest. 2. A simple public household task assigned to a child. 3. An unofficial proposal to a man during breakfast. 4. A private compliment to your wife at a party celebrating the 10th anniversary of a company. 5. Moral support for a daughter who failed her math exam.
Transmission of type (qual; obj). This, for example, is a question about direction of movement or about material embodying a quality: – Where are you rushing, hurrying, striving to? (qual; obj) – By what means did you achieve this unique, amazing lemon-carmine shade? (qual; obj) A variant using object submodality as a synastric marker: – Aren’t you afraid of being torn into pieces? (qual (obj); obj) Note how much less powerful the syntonic response to the last question is: – Not afraid at all. (qual) — compared to the complementary response oriented toward the protagonist’s submodality: – Well, my tongue will stay. (obj)
Exercise. In which situations does transmission of type (qual; obj) arise?
Exercise. Modify the following transmissions and five qualitative transmissions at your discretion, providing them with object synastric modality. 1. – My dear beloved, pampered and smoothed! 2. – Golden ones are useless to me—pale ones are better. 3. – It’ll be too expensive, Onisim, too expensive! 4. – I want it faster and closer. 5. – Hurry up, Khristofor, hurry, run straight there, quickly, quickly.
Exercise. For the following situations and for five situations of your choice, create qualitative behaviors with object synastric modality. 1. Placing considerable blame on oneself for a poor understanding with a cat. 2. A difficult-to-implement private order to a subordinate. 3. A direct, sharp private offense toward a beloved. 4. An indirect, significant emotional threat about the distant future to a younger brother. 5. A random, light, unusual public demand to a work partner.
Transmission of type (obj; kin). This, for example, is a question about the name of an object: – Who’s that guy trailing behind you? (obj; kin) – Who’s hiding under the sofa? (obj; kin) Also belonging to this type of transmission are object-focused questions expecting a “yes” or “no” answer, or any other symbolic formula: – Is this vodka or not vodka? (obj; kin) – State your credo. (obj; kin) – And which brand of watch do you prefer? Here’s an example of marking synastric synthetic modality using the corresponding submodality: – This isn’t a shoe—it’s more like a crocodile ready to swallow an elephant! (obj (kin); kin)
Exercise. In which situations does transmission of type (obj; kin) arise?
Exercise. Modify the following transmissions and five object transmissions at your discretion, providing them with synthetic synastric modality. 1. – Don’t dirty your pants, don’t dirty your pants! 2. – What should I take off first—my bra or my panties? 3. – Don’t go from home—go toward the house! 4. – I’ll go and drop by the neighbors. 5. – And why does a whale need a fountain?
Exercise. For the following situations and for five situations of your choice, create object behaviors with synthetic synastric modality. 1. A private request from a maturing son to his father. 2. A beginning poet introducing himself to his family. 3. A specific, informal invitation to a distant relative for a walk. 4. Presenting a serious, long-standing complaint to a former lover. 5. A short-term farewell with an enemy at a party.
Transmission of type (obj; qual). This, for example, is a question about the action or property of a certain object emphasized in the transmission but left unnamed: – And what color is your new car? (obj; qual) – What are your children doing right now? (obj; qual) Here’s a variant marking synastric qualitative modality via submodality: – I’m always—your cheerful little silly girlfriend! (obj (qual); qual)
Exercise. In which situations does transmission of type (obj; qual) arise?
Exercise. Modify the following transmissions and five object transmissions at your discretion, providing them with qualitative synastric modality. 1. – A roll with jam, please. 2. – Mushrooms. 3. – You look very beautiful from behind, Ulita, and in profile—especially your hair. 4. – All documents are in files, folders, and on the desk. 5. – Not by the beard, not by the beard (desperately)—by the beard!
Exercise. For the following situations and for five situations of your choice, create object behaviors with qualitative synastric modality. 1. A big apology for old offenses to a beloved. 2. A light, formal accusation publicly addressed to your sofa. 3. An indirect, significant private request to a cow randomly encountered in a field. 4. A direct, serious moral threat to a teenage son. 5. Getting acquainted on an intercity bus with a neighbor wearing a long dress.
CONTEXT
The role of context. Let’s imagine a situation where two people are talking, and one of them remarks: “This morning, Dina came for the snake.” In the absence of context and special emphasis, this phrase has a weak synthetic connotation. However, if Dina is the object of special attention (for example, the object of adoration) of the protagonist, then it is clear that for him, the accent of this phrase is on the name (as if it were spoken with a logical emphasis: “This morning, Dina came for the snake”) – and therefore, it has a clear synthetic modality. But in another situation: Dina usually takes her snake away by car – and today she came on foot. Then the phrase “This morning, Dina came for the snake” has an accent on the verb (came – but did not drive, as always – and what’s the point?), and therefore has a qualitative modality, as if it were spoken with a logical emphasis on the verb: “This morning, Dina came for the snake”). Or maybe Dina comes every day and takes away different animals, and the interlocutors are interested in which ones. In this case, the phrase for them has the main content in the words “for the snake” (i.e., in the appendage), and sounds as if there is a logical emphasis on these words: “This morning, Dina came for the snake” – and, therefore, has a thematic modality.
Exercise. Come up with contexts in which the following phrases and five phrases of your choice have: a) synthetic, b) qualitative, and c) thematic modalities. 1. I want sweet cheese! 2. The brewery “Banner of Bavaria” doubled the production of its branded barley beer. 3. And Evstafy diligently takes care of his bull. 4. On the other hand, you can convey positive energy to a partner (depending on the circumstances) with enthusiastic glances, prolonged hugs, or passionate kisses. 5. The snake Hyacinth crawled towards the exit of the zoo. 6. And I don’t doubt you at all, my faithful Shustryk! 7. Vladilena never lets her cat out. 8. Come to my place soon, Maya! 9. And Robert dried up in his hands and feet in old age. 10. Leopold acquired a fox in his youth.
Exercise. Is there a context in which the following translations have the modalities indicated after them? If so, describe it. 1. – Zinoviy. (previous) 2. – A funny silly otter. (son) 3. – She wants to bite you. (duck) 4. – Yes. (previous) 5. – No. (duck)
Written text. In written text, without special authorial accentuations (which are discussed below), most not-too-long complete sentences have a (weak) synthetic modality – for a reader who manages to grasp their meaning. However, as soon as a sentence becomes even slightly overloaded with words of a certain kind, or one or more words in it are emphasized – either by context, or by violating the usual word order, or by other means – the modality changes according to the type of emphasized words. Names and personal pronouns used as subjects usually have a synthetic modality in a sentence. Therefore, if they are
